Dealing with conflict and finding acceptable
solutions for party's that are involved in conflict means dealing with a
complex field of systemic forces and searching patiently for a satisfying way
out of a jungle of meanings, beliefs, judgements, emotions and interests. It is
a very important job, for its super ordinate goal is to unify what has been
separated, to reconcile people, organisations and cultures that have been
fighting each other for shorter or longer time, sometimes over hundreds of
years. The more overview the negotiator has over these system dynamic
influences, and the more he or she is able to include what has been excluded
until that moment, the more he or she has the power to create the right support
and find acceptable solutions. The work with systemic constellations is an
important contribution to increase awareness, to broaden perspective and to
gain the trust, loyalty, and power that is needed to deal with conflict in a
good way, as well for the negotiators as for the people they represents.
When two parties are in conflict with each
other, each of them fights at the boundaries of its own systems. Each party has
its own background, with specific members, subgroups, specific values, a
specific history, specific pain and specific victims. Every single one of these
aspects influences the system as a whole, and determines its movements, its
growth and, in the end, its deterioration. Every single aspect needs its place,
wants to be honoured and respected, wants to be in a good balance of giving and
taking in relationship to the system it is part of.
When two systems (families, organisations,
cultures) meet, they can only integrate into a super-ordinate system, when each
of them acknowledges and honours the background, experiences and values of the
other systems. Where that is not possible, conflict is born; repression,
exclusion, and war are the result.
Negotiating means that persons or a group of
people represent their system, move to the boundaries of their own system and
communicate its wishes, needs and values to the other side.
On a deeper level one could say: the
negotiator's responsibility towards his people or organisation,
is to communicate the important elements of the system to the other party, so
that each party develops more acknowledgement, honour and respect and the way
towards integration is paved.
The other way around, the negotiator needs to
listen to the values, experiences, emotions, and needs of the other party and
communicate those to his own people, in order to help his system acknowledge
honour and respect the other system, thus paving the way from the other side.
The integration of human systems is a most difficult, delicate and in the same
time necessary job for the further growth of the human race, and for building
peace in the world. Therefore the negotiator's job is one of great weight and
needs much strength, patience, endurance and wisdom.
The above described systemic frame for
conflict management is an idealistic one. Reality however, especially when two
cultures meet, is that the long history, the wars, the victims, the loosing of
ground and all other facts that caused pain in the past and have built strong
collective emotions on both sides. These work their way through into every
level of the negotiations. It would be presumptuous to have the idea that we
can overcome these deep underlying conflicts in the negotiations. We can only
face reality, and look for concrete solutions that very slowly build up a
better understanding and integration of the two systems.
Therefore the negotiator needs a humble and
in the same time persistent attitude. Humble means here: knowing that he or she
is only one person in an immense systemic force field and that his or her power
reaches as far as the loyalty and support that is coming from his or her
people. Although the chosen negotiation strategy can be as well mild or
consenting, as aggressive or persisting, the inner attitude needs to be one with a great heart for all the people and emotions
involved, for the historical aspects, for the feelings and values on both
sides. Thus the negotiator gets the weight and the respect he needs to
influence the conflict situation.
Inclusiveness means that we are able to have
a broad perspective, see the people, the past, the feelings. Have our inner
eyes on everyone and everything that belongs to our system and to the other
system, and to give it a place in our hearts. Of course this is only possible
until a certain limit. That limit however is very personal, and the more
inclusive the negotiator is, the more power he or she will gain. The contrary
of inclusiveness is exclusiveness. People or facts that belong to a system and
its systems past and who are excluded, will keep on sabotaging the conflict
solving process, until there are seen, acknowledged and honoured.
Honour means that we honour the past of the
other system, honour the losses and the pain, honour their value system, their
religion, honour their wishes and needs, in the same way as we honour those
aspects in our own system. We can acknowledge the differences, without judging
them, and honour them. Honour does not mean that we have to agree. It means
seeing things as they are and acknowledging them.
In every human relationship there is a need
for balance: the balance between give and take. A relationship can only develop
when both sides give and both sides take. When one side takes more then he
gives, the relationship shall end soon. The same is however the case when one
side gives more then he takes from the other side: also then the relationship
cannot build up and shall die. Specifically in conflict management there needs
to be an awareness about this balance between giving
and taking. For solutions to come forth out of preciously built relationships,
the negotiator needs to manage this balance between giving and taking well.
In many conflict situations, and specifically
in cross-cultural conflicts, solutions are not easy to find. They come however,
when the constellation of both systems is right. That means that everything is
in the right place, that the order is right and that we have found a good
balance between giving and taking. Then solutions tend to present themselves in
a very unexpected and unpredictable, surprising way. The art of negotiating and
mediating lies for a large part in facilitating the right systemic
constellation, in which solutions can occur.
As negotiators and mediators we see many
aspects that influence our work, but there also many aspects we do not know.
Therefore we can use the work with systemic constellations, to bring to light
that aspect we did not see until now. For example, the constellation may bring
to light places where we have excluded important elements in our minds and
hearts, and reveal how we are in relationship to both the systems we are
dealing with and whether this position is empowering or is blocking the way
towards constructive solutions.
In systemic constellations work we choose
representatives out of a group of participants to stand for different persons,
organisations, historical facts, and other aspects that are important in the
dynamics of the conflict-situation we are dealing with. We place these representatives
somewhere in the room, so that we get a three-dimensional picture of the
constellation of our situation. The distances between the representatives and
the feelings they have give important information about the present situation,
and offer potential systemic solutions for the future. This work with systemic
constellations, which is applied in family systems, organisational systems and
cultural systems, is founded by the German psychotherapist Bert Hellinger, and
is one of the most innovating methods for finding solutions in difficult
systemic conditions.
Negotiation and mediation take place in
extremely complex systemic contexts. The negotiator or mediator needs a good
insight in and knowledge about the different systemic factors that influence
his work. He needs to develop an attitude that supports his position in the
field in a positive way and needs to be able to make the right systemic
interventions at the right moment. Therefore negotiators and mediators need to
be trained in a systemic way of thinking and develop a systemic awareness, in
which the work with systemic constellations can play an important role.
© Eelco de Geus, May 2003